DESCRIPTION (COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS) OF SULTAN DJALOLIDDIN MANGUBERDI’S MILITARY CAMPAIGNS TO INDIA, DEPICTED IN ALOUDDIN ATOMALIK DJUVAYNIY’S BOOK “TARIHI DJAHONGUSHO”

DESCRIPTION (COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS) OF SULTAN DJALOLIDDIN MANGUBERDI&S MILITARY CAMPAIGNS TO INDIA, DEPICTED IN ALOUDDIN ATOMALIK DJUVAYNIY&S BOOK "TARIHI DJAHONGUSHO" Akobirov M.H.

Akobirov Mirjalol Himmatovich - Senior Teacher, THE ARMY FORCES OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN, CENTER YOUNG SPECIALISTS, SAMARKAND, REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN

Abstract: in the article we observ comparative analysis of Sultan Djaloliddin Manguberdi&s military campaigns to India by Alouddin Atomalik Djuvayniyand Shihobiddin Muhammad an-Nasaviy.

There are several primary sources describing the activities and military campaings of Sultan Djaloliddin bin Sultan Muhammad Khorezmshah, the great commander of his epoch,and these works were written by some medieval historians with slight differences among them. "Sultan Djaloliddin Manguberdi&s life details" ("Siyratas-sultanJalalad-dinMengburniy") by Shihobiddin Muhammad an-Nasaviy, "al-Komil fit-tarih" ("Perfect History") in twelve volumes by Iziddin bin al-Asir, "Tarihi Djahongusho" ("History of World Conqueror") by Alouddin Atomalik Djuvayniyare considered to be vivid examples of these works. These works describe in great detail Sultan Djaloliddin Manguberdi&s, the latest representative of the dynasty of Khorezmshakhs, courageous actions against the oppression of the Mongols.

Let&s look at the activities of Sultan Djaloliddin Manguberdi in the interpretation of "Tarihi Djahongusho" by Alouddin Atomalik Djuvayniy(1226-1283) as an example. The work was created by the author in 1260.It reflects the social and political life of Central Asia and Iran, Mongolia and China in the 13th century.This work consists of 3 volumes, and twoof the volumesare devoted to the history of Khorezmshakhs, Mongols& experiences in Movarounnahr and Khurasan.In particular, Sultan Djaloliddin&s fights against the Mongol invaders and his military campaigns in India, Iraq, Azerbaijan and Georgia are described in detail.According to the information described by the author, Sultan Djaloliddin turned to India after a heavy defeat along the Sindh River. He escaped from the fast flow of the Sindh River with five or six soldiers who survived in the battle, and he took refuge in the woods and waited there for several days. It is also noted that another fifty men were later added to this group. The story also tells how Djaloliddin attacked a band of pirate groups, who were comprised of Indian cavalry and infantry groups with his small number of soldiers.The same information can be attested by the story presented by Rashididdin in the following lines. According to his information "Djaloliddin, with a 120-man army, first defeated an Indian pirate band and then crushed the Indian army comprising of 40 000 soldiers". According to Nasaviy, Djaloliddin had four thousand soldiers who survived from the Sindh River, and three hundred of them were soldiers consisting of cavalry. But in the work of Nasaviy we do not encounter to Djalaliddin&s facing with a gang of Indian pirates. Djuvayniyalso informs that Djaloliddin&s subsequent clashes with the Indians were against a military unit of comprising of five or six thousand soldiers gathered in the mountains of Balola and Nicola. The details of this battle event is describedby Rashididdin as well. He describes the succession of events as below: "With a forty-men army Djaloliddin crushed Indian army consisting forty thousand soldiers. Another army containing five thousand-six thousand soldiers from the Balola and Nicola mountains attacked them after this battle. Djaloliddin killed most of the attacking soldiers, and some of them passed to his side. As a result the number of soldiers in Djaloliddin&s army reached three thousand men". But Nasaviy doesn&t

inform about the details of this battle among the providedinformation in his book. Thus, we can observe from this thatSultan Djaloliddin&s army comprised of almost three-four thousand soldiers in his early military campaigns to the north of India. We can observe discrepancies among the information provided by the historians of that epoch regarding the military campaigns of Sultan Djaloladdin in India depicting their details. For instance, in Djuvayniy&s work, Sulton Djaloliddin gets information that Chengizkhan has sent a great army towards him after Sultan&s triumphal battle over Indian army at the outskirts of the mountains of Balola and Nicolaand leaves to Delhi. Here he sends his minister Aynulmulk as an ambassador to Sultan Shamsiddin Eltutmish&s audience. Sultan Djaloliddin expresses his ideas in a letter and suggests tighteningtheir friendship ties and combine their armed forces against their common enemy. But, alas, he receives a denying letter from Sultan Eltutmish. And Nasaviy writes that Shamsiddin&d ambassador comes to Djaloliddin&s reception,and that Sultan Djaloliddin conquers Khatisar City, which belonged to Sultan Shamsiddin and that this historical event happened after Shamsiddin&s repelling battle with an army comprising of thirty thousand cavalry soldiers, one hundred thousand infantrymen and three hundred elephants against Sultan Djaloliddin. In this battle Uzbek Toyi, who was commanding Sultan Djaloliddin&s wing of army, attacks Sultan Shamsiddin&s army and defeats his soldiers and crushes Sultan Shamsiddin&s army into numerous parts. And later he informs about this victory to Sultan Djaloliddin. After this defeat in the battle Sultan Shamsiddin sends a letter to Sultan Djaloliddin via his ambassador, telling his obeying and saying that: "I have no intend fighting against you. Only proection measures can make me do so". In Nasaviy&s book this event is described after Sultan Djaloliddin&s military campaign against Kubacha and we can consider that in his book the author depicts Kubacha as the main foe of Sultan Djaloliddin during his military campaigns to India.

There is no information describing Sulton Djaloliddin&s military raids against Sultan Shamsiddin in Djuvayniy&s work. But, after Sultan Shamsiddin&s denial regarding Sultan Djaloliddin&s union of armed forces, Sultan Djaloliddin marches to the country of Bilola and Khilola. Here the scattered army soldiers of Khorezmshakh the Great unite with Sultan Djaloliddin&s army and Sultan&s soldiers reach ten thousand men. At this point he sends the army under commanding of Tojiddin Malik Khollaj to the country of the Djud Mountains. Tojiddin Malik conquers this country and returns with a great deal of military gain. And Nasaviy writes in his book that Sultan Djaloliddin&s first battle with the Indian army was againstShatra Ranaghat of the Djud mountains after crossing the Sindh River After Djaloliddin&s victory in the Djud mountains, Djuvayniy turns his attention towards Kubocha, who was governing the Hind Region at that time and who was dreaming of becoming Sultan. Djololiddin sends an army under commanding of Uzbek Toyi towards Kubocha. Uzbek Toyi attacks at night with his seven thousand men against the ten-thousand army of Kubocha at Ucho, at distance of one farsakh from the Hind River. Kubocha, after his soldiers being scattered by the enemy, retreats towards Akor and Bikhor Castles through the river on boats. Later, he abandons these castles and goes to Moltan. Sultan Djaloliddin&s military campaign against Kubocha in Nasaviy&s book is depicted differently.Sultan Djaloliddin&s army strengthenedafter uniting with the soldiers of his little brother Giyasiddin Pirshoh, who were not supporting his little brother, and Sultan Djaloliddin attacked the city of Khalor, belonging to Kubacha. In the battle Sultan Djaloliddin was wounded in his arm. After this city he laid siege to Tarnuj fortress. Sultan Djaloliddin entered the battle with his palace servants, conqueredand crushed the city into pieces. After having realized that his property is being less day by day Kubacha started a war against Sultan Djaloliddin with an army consisting from ten thousand men. Although Sultan Djaloliddin realizedthat his soldiers were tired and exhausted in the previous battles and it was dangerous to enter this oppression, he took the risk and challenged his men to be stable and courageous, and entered the battle. Surrounded by the soldiers Kubocha left the battle arena and fled away. Nasaviy didn&t give any information in his book which direction Kubocha fled. As it was aforementioned, in accordance with the data of Djuvayniy, Kubacha fled towards Moltan.

According to the historian Nasaviy, after Djaloliddin&s victory over Kubocha, he marched on Saduson, which was being reigned by al-Saloriy, the deputy of Kubacha.When al-Saloriywas informed that Sultan Djaloliddinwas coming, he surrendered.Then the Sultan levied a tribute from Saduson and quickly moved towards Uchaga and besieged the city for several days. After a great loss, they made a treaty with the Sultan for a huge tribute Djuvayniy also reports that Sultan conquered Paraswar Castle after defeating Kubacha. As we have already mentioned, Nasaviy reports that Djaloliddin was injured in his arm in the attack on the city of Khalor, while Djuvayniy said that Djaloliddin was wounded in the arm at Paraswar Castle attack.When he heard that the Mongols were coming to him, Djaloliddin abandoned Paraswar Castle and demanded a tribute from Kubacha hiding in Moulton.After his rejection, a short clash between the Sultan and Kubachatroops took placeand Sultan moves towards Uchaga. However, when the people rebelled against him, the Sultan fought them for two days and captured the city and set fire on it. His next move was to Saduson City.So, we can see that Nasaviy claimed Djaloliddin&s conquest of Saduson City just before Djaloliddin&s two-day battle in Ucha, and Djuvayniy claimed that he took over Saduson Cityafter a two-day battle in Ucha.

Sultan Djaloliddinabandoned India after 3 years of reigning during the years of 1221-1224.There were ample reasons for Sultan to leave Indian lands.On the one hand, the ruler of the Indian province Shamsiddin Eltutmish had an alliance with Kubacha and other Indian rajahs against him, and permanent persecution of the Mongols, on the other hand, some forces, that were unhappy with the policies of his little brother Giyosiddin Pirshah, the governor of Iraq, were inviting him to go to Iraq and take over power.Eventually, Sultan Djaloliddin abandoned India and turned to Iraq.

In conclusion, it should be noted that wherever Sultan Djaloliddin Manguberdi entered, he took advantage of the opportunity in the political situation in that countryskillfully.In India, for example, his mentioned mastery was very useful over his military actions in the country. It is also worth noting that Sultan Djaloliddin Manguberdiused the aggressive attack form of war in his military campaigns in India.Imagine what Sultan was feeling when he crossed the Sindh River.A few soldiers under his arm, almost no food supplies.Despite such a situation, he was able to count on and encourage his soldiers in difficult times.We should also note that we have tried to cover Sultan Djaloliddin Manguberdi&s military actions in India mainly based on "Tarihi Djahongusho" of Alouddin Atomalik Djuvayniy and "Sultan Djaloliddin Manguberdi&s life details" by Shihobiddin Muhammad an-Nasaviy.As a result, it is clear that the narrative of the events in the work of Djuvayniyis more consistent than the narrative of the events in the book of Nasaviy. Even Rashididdin mentioned and quoted some of the information stated by Djuvayniy (Author&s opinion).

References

Introduction and translator- Matyakubov Kamol. T.: Science, 2018. P. 383.