ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE TROOPS OF THE BUKHARA KHANATE OF THE XVIII CENTURY

ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE TROOPS OF THE BUKHARA KHANATE OF THE XVIII CENTURY

Boboev A.T.

Boboev Alomirzo Tuymirzayevich - Head of Department, MILITARY EDUCATION DEPARTMENT,

BUKHARA STATE UNIVERSITY, BUKHARA, REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN

Abstract: from time immemorial, it is believed that the army is the face of the state, its power. The presence of a strong army ensures the authority of the state in the world community of countries. The article considers the organizational structure of the troops of the Bukhara khanate in the second half of the XVIII century.

The power of the secular and spiritual aristocracy in both the Bukhara khanate and the Kokand khanate was based on the armed forces. The organizational structure of the Kokand troops in the second half of the XVIII century has not yet been studied, but there is very valuable information about the Bukhara troops in Russian sources. In particular, F. Efremov, who served in their ranks in the 70s of the XVIII century, wrote that "for the most part they (the Bukharans) had different peoples", that is, they included not only Uzbeks, but also Tajiks, Turkmens, and Afghans. According to sources, in the second half of the XVIII century, the Bukhara army consisted only of cavalry, and there were no infantry in it at that time.

The cavalry was divided into nukers (serving people) and Kara-Cherikov (militia). Nukers were registered in the service of their master (Khan, Emir, Governor, atalyk, officials), for which they constantly received a certain reward in kind and money, and were also exempt from various duties except for military ones. They had weapons, ate and armed themselves at their own expense, but rode state-owned horses. According to the nature of the weapon nukers were divided into Mergenov (arrows) and Nazaretov (copyicon). The number of nookers was limited, and there were many more Kara-chiriks who were recruited into the army in wartime, where the bulk of the male population was sent. In the absence of the need for them Kara-Chirikov were sent home, so "no harm to the population". They have served with their horses, and not all had weapons, but hoe and shovel required.

Bukhara troops were divided into regiments, companies, and so on, with a regiment consisting of 100 men commanded by toksaba, a company centurion (yuzboshi). There was another Pentecostal (panjabari), foremen (dehbashi). In the 70s of the XVIII century. Bukhara troops had 5 nine-pounder guns, 2 five-pounder, 8 three-pounder, and 5 mortars. Emir Shah Murad&s reforms also affected military Affairs; he introduced stricter discipline in the army and appointed a Mullah to each unit. Before him, the number of Bukhara troops was 10 thousand people, he also brought it to 60 thousand; under him, the army personnel were regularly given salaries. Starting with Yuz-Bashi, in addition to money and clothing, everyone was given land as a "tankho»; the amount of this salary depended on the rank and position held; Russian prisoners, as well as deserters and various kinds of migrants played a very important role.

In the Bukhara troops; one of them even received the post of commander-in-chief. Topchi-Bashi-I-Lashkar (chief of artillery) was at the head of the Bukhara troops, although at times the Emir or his atalyk led the troops. The assistant of Topchi-Bashi-I-Lashkar was nakib, who during the campaign was in charge of the movement and location of troops. The troops played a very significant role not only in protecting the state and power, but also in the struggle between heirs and pretenders for the throne, for positions in the Central government with separatist governors, as well as in the fight against external aggression and the seizure of foreign territories. In the first half of the XIX century, the development of military.

Affairs in the Bukhara khanate went through two stages: the period before the organization and formation of regular troops (until the mid-70s), and the period after their organization in 1837. At the first stage, the order of mobilization of troops in wartime was as follows. The names of the soldiers were recorded in the register, and at the right time the Emir collected them through the notification of the Herald (jarchi). Only the place of Assembly was indicated, and the soldiers were not aware of its purpose. Soldiers were supposed to come with a supply of food for 10-12 days and on their horses. Anyone who didn&t have a horse had to buy one. On their return from the campaign, the horses were sold off. "In order not to exhaust the Treasury.

Reserve soldiers were given a very small amount of salary each year, which was only enough for clothing." Ordinary soldiers received seven tangas a year and several batmans of bread. But most often they did not receive this meager content. So, in 1810, after the famine and popular unrest in Bukhara, when Emir Haidar was going to March against Kokand, it seemed that he "did not make any salary for his army, but ordered that everyone prepare a dinner at their own expense." As a result, the soldiers could not buy horses and three thousand people followed the Emir on donkeys. The Emir was forced to postpone his campaign and return to Bukhara. In case of need, the Emir could recruit an army of 30 to 50 thousand people. A certain number of soldiers (up to 15-20 thousand) could be put up by the rulers of certain regions (Samarkand, Ur-tube (Istaravshan), Khujand, Karategin, Hissar). In the organization of the Emir&s troops, almost no changes have occurred in comparison with the last century. Among the commanders of the Emir&s army, the positions of naqib, Mir-I Asad, and others are mentioned. According to the Southerner, the weapons of the troops were sabres, guns without locks, spears and arrows.

Apparently, there was no Statute, military, internal, or guard service. Service in the army and participation in military campaigns were based on medieval odates (customs). Thus, the Iranian Ambassador writes about the Bukhara troops of the period of the rule of Emir Nasrullah (1826-1860): "in whatever direction the troops are sent, their campaign should not last more than forty days. The Emir did not even have the right to extend this period for at least five days. Regardless of the consequences of the campaign, that is, regardless of victory or defeat, the soldiers dispersed who where. The Ambassador added that this custom is observed not only by the soldiers of Bukhara, but also by Kokand and Khorezm. Another rule existed during military operations: a fortress, i.e. a besieged city, had to be conquered within seven days. Otherwise, the troops left it. In all probability, this was due to the weakness of the troops of the Central Asian khanates."

The weakness of the regular army and its armament was felt at every encounter with the enemy. At times, defeats in the wars with Khiva and Kokand led the Emir to think about the need for military reform. The impetus for this was the arrival of Russian Cossacks in Bukhara, who accompanied the mission of Baron Negri (1821). But in the twenties, it was not possible to create a regular army: the uprisings of the Chinese Kipchaks, the change of rulers, and the struggle of the Emir Haidar&s sons for power prevented it. The first instructors for training regular troops in Bukhara were Russian prisoners. In 1837. Emir Nasrallah initiated the formation of the regular army. First of all, the infantry was started. Its soldiers (sarbazs) in wartime wore uniforms of a certain model and color, and in their free time — robes. The Marines & official costume consisted of a red jacket, white pantaloons, and a Persian fur cap. In 1837 the Amir had organized a battalion of artillery (of Topchi). By the mid-fifties, each of the 2,500 soldiers had a rifle with a bayonet, a sabre, and a pistol. The head of the garrison city of Bukhara, which bore the title of topcubasi elashkar, i.e. the chief of the army artillery was at the same time the chief of all the commanders of the khanate&s military units; therefore, he was often also called the Minister of war (Wazir-I-Harb). Sarbazy became the first regular army, and the real military reform was an innovation in the history of military Affairs in Central Asia.

References

ABOUT MILITARY AFFAIRS IN THE KHIVA KHANATE Abdurahmonov Sh.N.

Abdurahmonov Sherzod Nazarboevich - Head of the Cycle, FACULTY OF MILITARY EDUCATION, BUKHARA STATE UNIVERSITY, BUKHARA, REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN

Abstract: the article discusses the development of military Affairs in the Khiva khanate, and what types of weapons were used in the Khorezm army at that time. About the organization of the people&s militia in the army of the Khiva khanate of the XIX century. Keywords: army, army, weapons, rifle, people&s militia.

By the 19th century, special attention was paid to the army in the Khiva khanate. The military forces of the khanate became the strongest and invincible in Central Asia. By this time, they began to use, along with medieval sabres, swords, swords, bows, chain mail, metal helmets, and arrows, such examples of military equipment of the period as rifles, shamkhols, or falconets, cannons, pistols, five-shot rifles, six-shot rifles, berdanki, etc. The Central government provided troops with various types of weapons, but not everything was so smooth, there were a number of problems that prevented the full strengthening of the army. First of all, this was a problem of qualified personnel: there were very few specialists in the troops who could teach the nookers to use various types of weapons.

The American journalist mcgahan, who arrived in Khiva with the Russians, mentioned swords, swords, daggers, and guns as the main weapons used in Khiva. European guns were brought to Khiva in various ways, primarily as gifts. In particular, the Englishman Lord NORTHBROOK gave the Khan of Khiva a rifle.

Starting from the second half of the XIX century. in the archive documents of the Khiva khanate, new names can be seen in the list of weapons. They include five-and six-shot guns, single-and double-barrelled guns, ten-and twelve-shot guns, guns with a silver stone, ten-and twelve-shot guns, and others. also in Khiva there lived skilled master gunsmiths who made weapons decorated with patterns. In particular, archival documents contain information about two-caliber weapons, pistols decorated with precious stones, swords with a silver handle, swords decorated with precious stones, which were manufactured in Khiva and distributed among the nukers5. Nookers who distinguished themselves during battles received various knives and guns in addition to monetary rewards.

By the middle of the XIX century, a regular army was being formed in the khanate. From each region, nookers were recruited to the regular army, who were paid in money and goods by the troops. The authorities also allocated land to nookers for services rendered to the state. According to archival documents, in Khiva, the military was allocated land in the amount of 20 tanabs (one tanab was equal to 39.9 m). This provided the nookers with their own land and allowed them to feed their family. During their service, nookers were exempt